Our previous policy brief (REKK 01/2022) examined supply side options to substitute for Russian gas, finding short-term alternative pipeline sources to be maximized and additional LNG volumes limited. An additional 500 TWh/year (~50 bcm/year) of EU LNG ...
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The 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine marks a new epoch in modern history. The first days of the war moved many Western countries to impose economic sanctions on Russia despite the leverage it has over Europe with energy supplies, especially ...
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Import dependency in the Danube Region (DR) is very high - on average (76%) - and above 80% in 10 out of the 14 DR countries. The share of gas consumption in DR is similar to the EU28 (~24%) while coal is much higher - 26% compared to 14%There is a common ...
The Russian gas transit through Ukraine and the possibility of circumnavigating the historically dominant route poses a serious challenge to European gas markets. With the application of market modelling tools, this paper examines Russian export ...
Since the opening of the natural gas market in 2004, profound changes have taken place in ownership, regulation and operation of the natural gas market. After morphing to a multi-player competition market structure, some market segments returned to ...
The future of gas transit through Ukraine is one of the most pressing energy security issues facing the EU in 2019, with the current gas shipping contract between Russia and Ukraine set to expire 31 December and the realization of alternative pipeline ...
Although the preparation work for the commissioning of the LNG terminal by the island of Krk has been ongoing for more than decade, during the course of which there have been several modifications, the prospect of the project’s realisation is ...
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