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    Cost of LNG exposure of Europe in times of geopolitical turmoilResearch paper

    Phasing out Russian gas is technically and physically feasible even during major global supply shocks, as missing volumes can be successfully replaced through a combination of storage withdrawals and alternative LNG imports. Maintaining Russian gas ...

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    Evaluation of the Social Firewood Program and Recommendations for Its ImprovementResearch paper

    In Hungary, a household energy price regulation for network energy carriers and services has been in place since 2013 (in Hungarian: rezsicsökkentés).  Until 2022, the system was not differentiated, meaning that household consumers benefited from the ...

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    Looking ahead of the 2026 winter – how much storage will Europe use?Research paper

    Natural gas storage facilities are a fundamental source of seasonal supply in Europe. The storage obligation set out in 2022 required all storage facilities to be filled up to 90% of their capacity by the start of the withdrawal season. Some Member ...

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    ETS2 implementation in Hungary lagging one year behindResearch paper

    EU ETS2 - the extension of the EU Emissions Trading System to the buildings and transport sectors, as well as to industrial companies not covered by ETS1 - was originally planned to start operating in 2027. As the regulation is expected to increase ...

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    High Prices in the Region – Is Flow-Based Market Coupling to Blame?Research paper

    The introduction of flow-based market coupling (FBMC) within the Core region represented a major step forward in European power market integration. Under the flow-based market coupling mechanism, transmission system operators manage transmission capacity ...

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    Storage obligation in the EU27 – distorting markets or solving a market failure?Research paper

    The energy crisis in Europe and the war in Ukraine prompted a number of regulatory responses in the EU27. One of these responses was the so-called storage regulation, introduced in 2022 stipulating a mandatory fill-up target by 1 November each year. The ...

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    Beyond Batteries – Exploring Long-Duration Electricity Storage SolutionsResearch paper

    This policy brief is based on the workshop titled “ Beyond Batteries – Exploring Long-Duration Electricity Storage Solutions ” co-organized by the British Embassy Budapest and REKK, which took place on January 29th, 2025. Main conclusions: Long-duration ...

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    Experience of the Picasso platform, expected impact of accessionResearch paper

    Achieving a fully integrated energy market under the EU electricity target model constitutes an ongoing process. Given that the integration of wholesale markets is already at a mature stage, the next step forward is the successful integration of the ...

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    Daily gas demand in Europe: how much does temperature matter?Research paper

    Building-heating related use of natural gas is highly temperature-dependent. Majority of buildings in Europe are heated with natural gas, which has been a stable and cheap fuel for the early 2000’s. Russia’s war in Ukraine and the curtailment of Russian ...

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    EU Sanctions on Russian LNGResearch paper

    In response to Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, the EU rolled out a number of sanctions targeting the Russian economy. Until the 14th sanctions package, none included restrictions on Russian pipeline gas or LNG. In June 2024, the 14th sanction ...

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